去中心化金融(DeFi)作为区块链生态当红项目形态,其安全尤为重要。从去年至今,发生了几十起安全事件
BlockSec作为长期关注DeFi安全的研究团队(https://blocksecteam
_toWETH函数:
function_toWETH(addresstoken)internalreturns(uint256){??//对于SUSHI,直接Sushimaker全部SUSHI转给Bar??if(token==sushi){????uintamount=IERC20(token)
看出什么亮点了吗?
SushiMaker里的转账逻辑都是:transfer(balanceOf(this))
我们可以分两个阶段来看convert的调用过程:第一个阶段:在?convert函数中SushiMaker拥有的是?SLP,它通过burnbalanceOf(this)实现将全部SLP换成两个底层代币第二个阶段:SushiMaker获得了burn来的底层代币,再拿burn得到的token去不同的交易池换wETH
你发现哪里有问题了吗?我们来看第二阶段的代码_toWETH:注意兑换的逻辑为:
uintamount=IERC20(token).balanceOf(address(this));
所以这个balanceOf(address(this))真的只有在第一阶段burn来的底层代币吗?Nononono~想一想,如果这里的token并不是底层代币,而是一个SLP,会发生什么?
IERC20(SLP).balanceOf(address(this))是SushiMaker拥有的所有SLP,既包含刚刚burn出来的,也包含原本SushiMaker就有的
如果底层代币是SLP,那第一阶段burn的是什么?答案是?SLP的SLP!
还记得吗?攻击者的目标是将SushiMaker诱到其创建的恶意交易池中交易,这个SLP1/WETH池不恰好是攻击者创建的,当攻击者调用convert(SLP1,wETH)时,SushiMaker由于上面这一漏洞会将其全部的SLP1都到SLP1/WETH池中换取WETH——正中下怀
SLP/WETH池一般都是不存在的,或是深度很浅的。攻击者其实也可以通过建立SLP1/SLP2来实现攻击,但是这样的话,还需要单独为SLP1、SLP2建立SLP1/WETH,SLP2/WETH,不如直接一步到位
1.4RealWorld
管你看没看懂,继续看就完了下面我们来看看攻击者在真实世界中到底做了什么吧?
攻击者地址:0x1925e832C22522E0d9947eE4677120b2f28E4cD4(https://etherscan.io/address/0x1925e832c22522e0d9947ee4677120b2f28e4cd4)
一组攻击包括很多笔交易,这里以对?MKR/WETH?池的攻击为例:SwapExactETHforTokens:?0xa8c4edd85727dApprove:0xf1fdd4cf4d8aaAddLiquidityETH:0x7340edca1a17fApprove:0x41a33f0c91b7cAddLiquidityETH:0x896f412f15a7aTransfer:0x0e8a76bf7295dConvert:0x4947b4f075f8eSwapExactETHForTokens:0x5f37bb3b97341RemoteLiquidityETH:0xdff10159275e0SwapExactTokensForETH:0xb8889bbdeb478
攻击者的一个完整的攻击周期:
序章:攻击准备
Step1:通过swapExactETHForTokens用一些ETH换取MKR,作为攻击的启动资金
Step2:将刚刚换到的MKR和ETH一起,向Sushi的MKR/wETH交易池中添加流动性,获得该池的SLP(MKR/wETH)
Step3:将刚刚换到的SLP和ETH一起,向Sushi的SLP/wETH交易池中添加流动性,获得新池的SLP(SLP/wETH)(后简称SLP')
Step4:将新生成的SLP'转给SushiMaker
这步有什么意义呢?因为攻击者后续会调用convert(SLP,wETH),将SushiMaker.sol合约中存放的SLP'燃烧掉,换出SLP,wETH。如果SushiMaker.sol中没有SLP'就没法进行下去了
但是,实际复现过程中,我发现有没有这步其实都影响不大。因为上一步addLiquidity(SLP,wETH)是,一方面会mint出SLP'给攻击者,另一方面还会mint出一些SLP'给SushiMaker.sol,所以SushiMaker.sol中其实还是有一点SLP'的→现在攻击者手里有SLP',其实他有两个不同的决策:
加密审计公司Spearbit筹集700万美元:金色财经报道,加密审计初创公司在Framework Ventures领投的一轮融资中筹集了700万美元,参与方包括Nascent、1kx、Volt Capital、Breed VC和Robot Ventures。公司联合创始人SpencerMacDonald表示,这笔资金将用于建设Cantina(为web3安全审核员提供的开放市场),并聘请更多软件工程师来实现服务和产品市场工作流程的自动化。
该初创公司此前于2021年底筹集了150万美元的种子前融资,目前筹集的总资本达到850万美元。这家初创公司没有透露估值,但PitchBook数据显示该公司的投后估值约为4800万美元。[2023/8/10 16:18:37]
1.将SLP'转给SushiMaker,这样SushiMaker可以换出更多的SLP和wETH,下一步回到这个交易池将自己所有的SLP换成wETH2.不转SLP'给SushiMaker,因为之前创建SLP/wETH这个池的时候会mint一点点SLP'给SushiMaker,所以还是可以通过调用convert将SushiMaker存的SLP都换成wETH
第一种方式中,使SushiMaker拥有的SLP'更多,会换出更多的SLP和wETH,使得池中的滑点更大,SushiMaker能亏的SLP就更多,但是如果SushiMaker中本身存的SLP就不多,SLP/wETH深度也不大时,其实结果差不太多,都是几乎将SushiMaker搬空。总而言之,还是第一种方式更优,可以看出攻击者其实是有精心考虑过的
高潮:攻击SushiMaker
Step5:调用convert(SLP,wETH),这一步中,SushiMaker会先将SLP'burn掉,换成SLP和wETH,再将自己所有的SLP都转成wETH,问题在于?SLP/wETH这个池是由攻击者创建的,池中的深度非常小,滑点极高,SushiMaker通过?swap将SLP换成wETH这步会血亏
尾声:获利
Step6:上一步中,SushiMaker在SLP/wETH这个池中血亏了大量的SLP,池中wETH巨值钱,此时攻击者只需要调用swap用一点点wETH就可以几乎将整个池子搬空
0x2.附录
2.1本次事件相关的攻击交易:[??{????"YFI/WETH":{??????"0x18be4ac177c5ada3522e3cafd6c40d750d4288a3a7b22e140521124074fed2ae":"SwapExactETHForTokens",??????"0xc8653ef0c4658acf3d44059babea07c62578769cac10176e61310f7af04e1597":"Approve",??????"0x18ed3e5efeec3e475501786541a4f7602340e5aa6bc6cbf24b9c9aa1062449ac":"AddLiquidityETH",??????"0x42d553b614d0a64ea2cfe95bf2a99d337c07f1b53ac4d7987966fc39817975e6":"Approve",??????"0x041463e755e91548b9d6dd1e61519b08f101ff96a44df969b33ee57996619a88":"AddLiquidityETH",??????"0x8a2d7926e50123459b7814c0e19b5ac59f7ce221cb5fa82f79d2c0c37ef7ef1f":"Transfer",??????"0xaa001ac10841c784954b0028192f0ea232bf84e390b964af98f1c49074ec4beb":"Convert",??????"0x08bbbeaf7cbd2649738812cf720042eb7ebe1411be2f7cf3ede41411dcbf8bc0":"SwapExactETHForTokens",??????"0x3952f24ef1e5dce37463edcf0f3902316131fb823d79946b96f2a2397a9cd25d":"RemoveLiquidityETH",??????"0x47c200fefd8c007d972b65b97dadf429c3e6e91359b7b49aaa66ee0fc4a555f4":"SwapExactTokensForETH"????},????"profit":"0.2558139ether"??},??{????"USDT/WETH":{??????"0x123ec6c44fa3baa70c66f583f8ee6bc6b6d2b4d39a1119ab8490d2c1120d4647":"Convert",??????"0x08bbbeaf7cbd2649738812cf720042eb7ebe1411be2f7cf3ede41411dcbf8bc0":"SwapExactETHForTokens",??????"0x42973ea279d0bda4222e4689709f86bdb12117dce14420f84f3e9cc6fd42ede2":"RemoteLiquidityETH",??????"0x30eab0a184f9a1ed6cee309754bb6536bd443fea567776a72b72f3ab911e0113":"SwapExactTokensForETH"????},????"profit":"0.1835604ether"??},??{????"MKR/WETH":{??????"0xa8c4edd85727d3d25401f0cbca1136982edb833f77ff0a93178b222063eb57a4":"SwapExactETHforTokens",??????"0xf1fdd4cf4d8aa073ff01876333cfeadeab2b87423664d1daa4cf36ad5e415587":"Approve",??????"0x7340edca1a17fc9e5a6587d6a89c0ed01c5d1f1d20cb19738ab993f6ef7b8b4d":"AddLiquidityETH",??????"0x41a33f0c91b7cd17edf888356dfb110d7744f593e432b54ec2f21aae19076aa0":"Approve",??????"0x896f412f15a7abb959c3c43b8cd9206720fc37f4eabeae336ba101670003e9db":"AddLiquidityETH",??????"0x0e8a76bf7295d9316704fde7f953eced612daa9ca7a70322248eeb8a7f508656":"Transfer",??????"0x4947b4f075f8e9f89f6364158b3d05a92cd72b7920c44c2150a0d12ba009a7a0":"Convert",??????"0x5f37bb3b9734175b605f6e02700c4b710e5e01622f30d822bcca227d91363d77":"SwapExactETHForTokens",??????"0xdff10159275e064dad2c7c79585d1f3c4fd60b73d843715e0cff1a2292730e99":"RemoteLiquidityETH",??????"0xb8889bbdeb478809c3781ccb1c8a16f9fa90b6844d180818b6e73a16963a5ddc":"SwapExactTokensForETH"????},????"profit":"1.9761631ether"??},??{????"KP3R/WETH":{??????"0xe5a025658cd28a688442a57a9b441980feeed8f5e7892064efc68966eb4253eb":"SwapExactETHForTokens",??????"0xe77e7e9d636c2b733d226693d95d06005ae2b5aa8532957240310225aa73e051":"Approve",??????"0x5ce8451f9f39f2d32ffbd943d38723a8da6fff59ece8f62caa84c4c2a311ede3":"AddLiquidityETH",??????"0x171b741bb7cdcafebdbed1c503eb33babc70c2e2e45b2b55330df3bc6d5c9eda":"Approve",??????"0x0ad658ebab282a26d67da0a97083a41c83d0eb1ab6d19a4adb3676b57fc3851c":"AddLiquidityETH",??????"0x676dd29fade2b93e5ca4b0da9d2b5e4ede86f69d26a6201440e359892360b096":"Transfer",??????"0x3b37a792edbb785b223a2b4f0971834083acd52503e54d00989a365bbc533627":"Convert",??????"0x4df5506fdc7616ff65b4ae3b93360e180c7b6f5e976914c4af04648ad6559817":"SwapExactETHForTokens",??????"0x07e56eaa7935fb341654ac20223b0d32fab006b3f34e372aecf6bce05c3f903f":"RemoveLiquidityETH",??????"0x8f4d9d676e9a12d07dcd0c8225e207df48f8cb575cdaa6d81c4b7124c3500510":"Approve",??????"0xac3c837c249fb68ceebd896a72e1e4e8cf355caf3f5fcd0bdc7df7c101ea0596":"SwapExactTokensForETH"????},????"profit":"1.8226875ether"??},??{????"YFI/WETH":{??????"0x1b0eb70bc4d2407745df416acf6e2c312d25ee63c7e8e1291545d66e23fbf704":"PreAttack",??????"0x8f6caabd4ecfad30793db76f60a7e28832a18e2bcf006c0ee3652063c7386778":"Convert",??????"0xe6d28052b55ab520a211daebbc67ee3aece6ae356044e9352fc82910214a038a":"Swap"????},????"profit":"-0.031382ether"??},??{????"AXS/WETH":{??????"0x375f5befeb1af976ebb09cf5539b3a3b9746b87153cfa96ba862deb8828970f1":"PreAttack",??????"0xed8508a18c347c3829024f7acb94056a78cc63152e2246ebd42b59cd86d0c8f9":"Convert",??????"0xd08eb264e39cd5dca8edb3684dfd36afb905aea9c47a43110b6c5c45bdb2f7d1":"Swap"????},????"profit":"1.349482ether"??},??{????"CRD/WETH":{??????"0xc6c86de784359a3813b31b4be5806a23f82fdd8d5cd9bd3a7379d33a413eb920":"PreAttack",??????"0x7d1b36019fb287867419dffb281b5ad73b37d8dc21abca47f7b618875842ef0a":"Convert",??????"0x8c14595b205cd04d1e5062a3efe47d3e4dae946eabe744e2d8350d6ba951495a":"Swap"????},????"profit":"1.325357ether"??},??{????"USDC/WETH":"Failed"??},??{????"COVER/WETH":"Failed"??},??{????"YAX/WETH":{??????"0x063bc5df97c0ec87d6c309b54fbc4e3ed13b22f5a115fb1170015e4e9d23cd3d":"PreAttack",??????"0x9537551d0db7ed6ae372c050c73cae1272f4d7e7847ea908d6e4d440809a871f":"Convert",??????"0x9f6bdf1c9065f5f5e5c71f32058093b7ac06e140c3a33db2f21cc8a5ff8a5d21":"SwapExactETHforTokens",??????"0x9281c35277ea6594924600d70b73077a4307973c540edb5b4ed534c7e25f2423":"Approve",??????"0xe2f682d8b4801061d504025f11b3032648a3b94019396f7b12749b162f8404cf":"RemoteLiquidityETH",??????"0xf6ea6c9eb92ca9aed70e8b4b03a6e5565a3a13df71a0aa527fa55607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教科书出版商Pearson计划利用NFT跟踪数字教科书销售情况:8月3日消息,教科书出版商Pearson透露,它计划使用NFT来跟踪数字教科书的销售,并有效地“削弱二级市场”。
据彭博社8月1日报道,Pearson首席执行官Andy Bird希望在其电子教科书中加入NFT,以便更好地跟踪销售情况,并获取此前在二手市场上损失的收入。Bird希望该公司可以利用NFT从二手教材销售中赚取佣金。他指出,Pearson的教科书在其生命周期中通常会被转卖七次。(Cointelegraph)[2022/8/3 2:56:03]
后续攻击者又尝试攻击Sushiswap的其他相关仿盘项目,如LuaSwap:
https://etherscan.io/tx/0xeacfed6fb18563c18b9af5cb0d3a5b13e97cf02026ef9a4cb625cc33580d02a7
但可能获利不多,只成功几笔就不了了之了
2.2本次事件后续结果:
在**#11351530**块,Sushi的管理员向攻击者喊话:
可以看到,好像有些延迟,攻击者的攻击依然持续了一段时间:
最后一条Convert中:
SushiMaker地址从0x6684977bBED67变成了0x280ac711bb99d:
Old:0x6684977bBED67e101BB80Fc07fCcfba655c0a64F??functionconvert(addresstoken0,addresstoken1)public{????//Atleastwetrytomakefront-runninghardertodo.????//限制只能EOA来调用该函数????require(msg.sender==tx.origin,"donotconvertfromcontract");????//获取相应SLPtoken合约的地址????IUniswapV2Pairpair=IUniswapV2Pair(factory.getPair(token0,token1));????//将SushiMaker中存有的全部SLP,转给交易池????pair.transfer(address(pair),pair.balanceOf(address(this)));????//Burn掉这些SLP换成两种token????pair.burn(address(this));????//分别将两种token找到相应的和wETH的交易对,全部转换为wETH????uint256wethAmount=_toWETH(token0)_toWETH(token1);????//将转换的到的全部wETH找wETH/SUSHI交易对换成SUSHI_toSUSHI(wethAmount);??}??function_toETH(addresstoken){????...????uintamountIn=IERC20(token).balanceOf(address(this));??}New:0x280ac711bb99dE7C73FB70fb6DE29846D5e4207F??functionconvert(addresstoken0,addresstoken1)public{????//Atleastwetrytomakefront-runninghardertodo.????require(msg.sender==tx.origin,"donotconvertfromcontract");????IUniswapV2Pairpair=IUniswapV2Pair(factory.getPair(token0,token1));????pair.transfer(address(pair),pair.balanceOf(address(this)));????(uintamount0,uintamount1)=pair.burn(address(this));????uint256wethAmount=_toWETH(token0,amount0)_toWETH(token1,amount1);_toSUSHI(wethAmount);??}??function_toETH(addresstoken,uintamountIn){????...??}
可以看到区别在于:代码第26行_toWETH限制了amount,这样修改以后就不会将SushiMaker中存的全部SLP都去池中换成wETH,而只是换取burn出的一部分
但是这样问题就解决了吗?其实还没有,时隔两个月,同样的地方,Sushiswap又中了见:amenda:SushiSwap攻击事件(2021年1月27号)分析(https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/372058217)
0x3.参考
以小博大,简述SushiSwap攻击事件始末:https://www.chainnews.com/zh-hant/articles/726256718885.htm
Alt以逾3.25亿美元估值完成7500万美元B轮融资,Spearhead领投:11月12日消息,收藏卡交易平台Alt以逾3.25亿美元估值完成7500万美元B轮融资,Spearhead领投,Seven Seven Six、Vibe Capital、Breyer Capital、Shrug Capital、Apollo Projects、Hyperguap、A*以及Tom Brady、Giannis Antetokounmpo、Alex Morgan、Candace Parker和Marlon Humphrey等私人投资者参投。Alt今年3月刚完成3100万美元融资。新资金将用于大举招聘,推出移动App,并扩展交易的资产范围。目前的计划包括运动鞋、手表以及NFT。该公司也在探索贷款服务,以用户储存在Alt的交易卡作为抵押品。(Tech Crunch)[2021/11/12 21:45:48]
Astokenpricerisesandreputationmends,Sushiswapfoilsmidnightexploit:?https://cointelegraph.com/news/as-token-price-rises-and-reputation-mends-sushiswap-foils-midnight-exploit
AnevolutionofUniswapwithSUSHItokenomics:https://sushichef.medium.com/the-sushiswap-project-dd6eb80c6ba2
一文看懂Uniswap和Sushiswap:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/226085593
sokdecentralizedexchanges(dex)withautomatedmarketmaker(amm)protocols:?https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.12732
AttackingtheDeFiEcosystemwithFlashLoansforFunandProfit:?https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03810
https://www.blocksecteam.com/
THETA跌破6美元关口 日内跌幅为18.1%:欧易OKEx数据显示,THETA短线下跌,跌破6美元关口,现报5.9999美元,日内跌幅达到18.1%,行情波动较大,请做好风险控制。[2021/5/22 22:32:03]
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指数参考:>20 % 极度牛市;10%~20% 牛市;5%~10% 乐观;2%~5% 谨慎乐观;0~2% 谨慎;-5%~0 谨慎悲观;-10%~-5% 悲观;-20%~-10%熊市;<-20%:极度熊市。[2020/12/25 16:27:49]
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