KeyInsights
●AptosandSuiareinthespotlightbecausetheyarebuiltonMove,aprogramminglanguageinspiredbyRustandtheircoreteamisfromMeta–Diem.●TheAptostestnetcanreachupto160,000TPSandisbasedontheBlock-STMparallelexecutionengineandthecriticalrotation.●Sui’stestnetworkTPScanreachabout120,000becauseitusesObjectsasabasicunitoptimizingitsthroughput.Also,Sui'sGaspricingandtransactionstoragemechanismcanbringabetterexperiencetousersanddevelopers.●AptosisfaraheadofSuiintermsofitsecosystemdevelopmentanddevelopmentprogress.●AptosandSuistillneedtogetmoreinfluentialpartnerstohelpthemsurviveinthecurrentmarket.
1.Introduction
Theyear2022seesabearmarketwiththemajorityofcryptocurrenciesplummetingduetoabunchofmacroeconomicfactorssuchasinflationandrisingunemploymentetc.However,insuchasluggishmarket,AptosandSuisuddenlymadethemthecenterofattentioninthecryptospace.Inthepasttwoyears,Solana,Avalanche,andotherEthereumkillersappearedinthemarketoneafteranotherandbroughtsignificantmarketinfluence,butnoonecantakeEthereum’splace.AsEthereumcontinuouslyupgradesitselfwiththerecentcompletionoftheMerge,otherchainsseemtohavenothingnewtoboastabout.EvenafterDfinitylauncheditstokenICP,awidespreadopinionisthattheblockchainwouldnolongergetanylovefromthemarket.However,AptosandSui,whomtopVCssprintedtowards,havebrokenthisnarrativewiththeMovelanguageadoptedandtheteamhailingfromDiem.1.1.TheMoveprogramminglanguage
Let'slookatMovefirst.ThemoveisaRust-basedprogramminglanguageforsmartcontractsandcustomtransactions,whichachievesextremelyhighthroughputandlowlatencythroughbatch,pipelined,andparalleltransactionprocessing.OverallthestrengthsoftheMovelanguagearesecurityandcomposability.1.1.1.DefinitionofAsset
Movedefinestokensasresources,unlikeotherprogramminglanguages,suchasSolidity,whichgenerallyseestokensasNumericvariables.Thedifferencebetweenthetwoisthatwhenatransactionoccursintheaccount,theMovelanguagebelievesthatthetokenmusttransfertoonecertainaddressoranother,orelseitwouldbeburned.Tokenasanassetcannotbecopiedordoublespent.LanguagessuchasSolidityconsiderassetstobedigital,sofromthemomentofthetransactiontotheend,thebalanceofthesentandreceivedaddressdecreasesorincreases.Move'sdefinitionofResourceavoidstheproblemofassetsbeinggeneratedoutofnowherebycodelogicandalgorithmerrorsfromtheverybeginning.1.1.2.Staticdispatch
PancakeBunny和Qubit开发团队决定解散改为由DAO管理:2月11日消息 ，PancakeBunny宣布，因为Qubit遭攻击损失约8000万美元，其中包括开放团队Team Mound和数千名私人用户的资产，Team Mound在Qubit的资产约1000万美元，是全部运营资本。因此，规模化的开发团队已经无法维持，Team Mound决定解散，主要由开发团队领导的Bunny和Qubit协议将由DAO管理。社区将拥有升级合约、更改费用结构等所有相关权限。
据悉，Mound Finance为一家创新金融科技公司，专注于开发基于区块链的金融平台服务，重点关注DeFi和跨链功能，其产品包括PancakeBunny、polyBunny、Qubit。
此前消息，中心化借贷项目Qubit疑似遭到黑客攻击，损失或达8000万美元。Qubit Finance发布补偿计划，Team Mound将放弃其所有代币以补偿社区。[2022/2/11 9:44:43]
Asinglesmartcontractcannotimplementallfunctionsforsomelargeprojects,sodynamicdispatchhasbecomethemaincallingmethodofSolidity.Thedynamicdispatchstoresthecodeinthelibraryaccordingtotheclassificationandusestheinterfacecallwhenthecontractneedsit,butthishasalsobecomeabreakthroughinthesecurityofthesmartcontract.Dynamicdispatchimprovesflexibility,butflexibilitymeansmorebugs.Incontrast,Moveusesstaticdispatch,whichischaracterizedbythefactthatallcontractshavealreadydeterminedtheirexecutionpathsandverifiedthemduringthecompilationphase,whichmeansthatdeveloperscanidentifyerrorsandexecutesmartcontractsbeforegoingonlineandreducetheprobabilityofdowntimeatruntime.1.1.3.Combinabilityofmodules
Themoveisbasedonthecombinationofmodulesandtheninteractswitheachotherthroughresourcepassing,whileSoliditymainlyreliesonthecombinationthroughmessagepassingunderremotecalls.Thedifferencebetweenthetwoisthatwhenoptimizationorextensionisneeded,inMove,onlythemoduleneedstobeoptimizedandthenthesmartcontractsusingthemodulewillbeautomaticallyupdated,whileinSolidityifthepreviouscontractisoptimized,itcannotbedirectlyupgradedanditerated.
1.2.TheriseandfallofDiem
In2019Facebook(nowMeta)startedLibra,ablockchain-basedpaymentsystemforlicensedstablecoins.However,itwaslaterforcedtorenameDiem,butitstortuousfatedidnotchangeatallwithitsnamechange.RegulatorsfromUSandEUforceittosuspendonthegroundsofinvasionofantitrustlawsandprivacy.Asaresult,severalqualifiedtechnicalstaffbegantoleavetheproject,includingMoShaikhandEvanCheng,wholatersetuptheirteamsandlaunchedAptosandSuiseparatelybasedonDiem.
2.AptosvsSui
2.1.TeamMostoftheAptosandSuicoremembersarefromNoviandDiemofMeta.BlockchainveteransworkingtogethermakeiteasyforAptosandSuitorisesoquickly.
2.2.Investors
PancakeSwap宣布Diviner Protocol (DPT)将进行IFO 3.0以及IFO CAKE Pool:官方消息，PancakeSwap宣布，Diviner Protocol (DPT)将进行IFO 3.0以及IFO CAKE Pool。
据悉，用户需要在IFO CAKE Pool中质押CAKE以获得IFO（Initial Farm Offering）信用，这将确保用户在下一次IFO销售中的承诺限额。[2021/12/14 7:37:07]
AptosandSuiarebackedbyanall-starcast,andthefundraisingforthefirsttworoundshasreachedaverylargescale,at$350millionand$236millionrespectivelywithAptosslightlyahead.Aptos
AsofSeptember2022,Aptoscompletedtwofundraisingroundsata$2.75Bvaluation.BinanceLabsandDragonflyannouncedstrategicinvestmentsinAptosonMarch28andSeptember29,respectively,butthespecificcooperationandinvestmentamounthavenotbeendisclosed.SeedRoundDate：2022.3.15TotalAmountRaised：$200MInvestors:Leadbya16z,otherinvestorsinclude:MulticoinCapital,KatieHaun,3ArrowsCapital,ParaFiCapital,IRONGREY,Hashed,Variant,TigerGlobal,BlockTower,FTXVentures,Paxos,CoinbaseVentures,etc.ARoundDate：2022.7.26TotalAmountRaised：$150MInvestors:LeadbyFTXVenturesandJumpCrypto,otherinvestorsinclude:GriffinGamingPartners,FranklinTempleton,CircleVentures,Superscrypto,etc.Sui
SinceDecember2021,MystenLabs,thedevelopingteamSuihasraisedtworoundsoffundingatavaluationof$2billion,andSuicurrentlyexpectstoraise$236million.ARoundDate：2021.12TotalAmountRaised：$36MInvestors:a16zandNFX,CoinbaseVentures,Lightspeed,SamsungNEXT,ScribbleVentures,Redpoint,ElectricCapital,SlowVentures,StandardCrypto,etc.BRoundDate：2022.7TotalAmountRaised：$200MInvestors:LeadbyFTXVentures,otherinvestorsinclude:a16z,JumpCrypto,Apollo,BinanceLabs,FranklinTempleton,CoinbaseVentures,CircleVentures,LightspeedVenturePartners,SinoGlobal,DentsuVentures,NGCVentures,A&TCapital,GreenoaksCapital,O'LearyVentures,etc.2.3.TechniquesandMechanism
AptosandSuiarebothbasedontheMoveprogramminglanguageandfocusonhigh-performanceparallelcomputingblockchain,whichclaimstobeabletoreachover100,000TPS.2.3.1ParallelExecution
BothAptosandSuiadoptparallelexecution.ThedifferencebetweenthisandEthereum'sEVMisthatitidentifiesindependenttransactionsandexecutesthematthesametime,whileotherinterdependenttransactionswillbepickedoutandexecutedinsequence.ThemechanismofEVMiseachtransactionisexecutedindividuallyinorder,andwhentheEVMexecutesthetransaction,alltherestwillbesuspendeduntilonetransactionexecutioniscompleted.TheproblemwiththeEVMmechanismisthatitgreatlyprolongsthetransactionexecutiontime,andusersareforcedtoincreasethegasfeetoexecutethetransactionearlierthanothers.Incontrast,parallelexecutioncanusehardwaremoreefficientlytoreducetransactionconfirmationtimeandachievebetterscalability.Thedifficultyfacedbyparallelexecutiontechnologyishowtoquicklyidentifyindependenttransactionsanddependenttransactions.Whenexecutinginparallel,itisnecessarytojudgewhetheratransactionwillaffectanothertransaction.Ifitaffects,itisdefinedasbeingdependent,anddependenttransactionsmustbeexecutedinorder.Forexample,AMMtransactionsinthesamepoolaredefinedasdependent,becausemultipledifferenttokensandaccountsareinvolvedintheirtransactions.Thewaytoidentifyindependenttransactionsiswhenanaccountorsmartcontractmodifiesitsmemorylocationswhenatransactionoccurs,andinterdependenttransactionsarethosethatattempttochangethesamememorylocationsinthesameblock.AptosAptosdevelopedBlock-STMtoidentifythedependenciesoftransactions,whichisthemainfactorforAptos'maximumTPStoreach160,000.Block-STMchoosesnottoletusersanddevelopersknowinadvancewhichpartofthememorytheyarelocatingbutinsteadusesOptimisticConcurrencyControl(assumingalltransactionsareindependent)tovalidatewhenBlock-STMexecutestransactions,andthestoragelocationmodifiedinthetransactionwillbemarked.Inthevalidatingphase,ifitisfoundthatthemarkedstoragelocationisaccessedbyothertransactions,itmeansthatthetransactioninthisstoragelocationisnotindependent,andthesystemwilltakeitoutandre-executeitinsequence.AccordingtotheofficialtestdataofAptos,whenthetransactionsarefewer,theexecutionspeedofBlock-STMis16timesfasterthanthatofsequentialexecutionusing32threads,andwhenmoretransactionsexecuteatthesametime,thespeedofBlock-STMisalso8times.DataSource：https://medium.com/aptoslabs/block-stm-how-we-execute-over-160k-transactions-per-second-on-the-aptos-blockchain-3b003657e4baSuiSuihasoptedforadifferentapproachthanAptoswhenitcomestotransactionprocessing.InSui'smechanism,anObjectisusedasthebasicunitinsteadofanAccount,andeachobjecthasauniqueIDasidentification.Objectsareclassifiedintothreetypesofassets,namelyimmutableassets(smartcontracts),singleassets(whichcanonlybemodifiedbytheirspecificowner),andsharedassets(whichcanbemodifiedbymultipleowners).Asingleassetcanonlybemodifiedbyitsspecificowner,whileasharedassetcanbemodifiedbymultipleowners.Thissettingreducesthedifficultyofidentifyingindependenttransactionsordependenciesbecauseassettypescanbequicklyidentifiedandconfirmedwhentheyareindependentlytraded.2.3.2.OtherMechanism
Certik Foundation宣布推出HARD、KAVA和CAKE的Shield池:Certik Foundation宣布推出HARD、KAVA和CAKE的Shield池。Certik Shield池已上线，并为KAVA和PancakeSwap社区提供保护。使用CTK购买shield并未被盗或丢失资产提供保护。[2020/11/26 22:11:25]
AptosHybridCustodyOptionandTradePre-ExecutionMechanismSecurityissuessuchaswallettheftandwronglysigningmalicioustransactionshavealwaysbeenthenightmareofmanyusers.Therefore,Aptoshaslaunchedtwofunctions,keymanagementandsigningtransactionprecautionarymeasures,toprotectthepropertysafetyofitsusers.AccordingtotheAptoswhitepaper,Aptosaccountssupportkeyrotationandnewhybridmodelsofcustody,souserscandelegatetheabilitytorotatetheaccount’sprivatekeytooneormorecustodiansandothertrustedentities.ThentheusercandesignastrategythroughMove,thepurposeofthisstrategyistoallowthecustodiantorotatethekeyundercertaincircumstances.Thebenefitofthisisthatwhenauserloseshiskey,thecustodiancanrestoretheserviceforhiskeytoavoidlossofassets.Inaddition,thetransactionpre-executionandtransactionrestrictionservicesarealsousedbyAptostoprotectthesecurityofuserassets.Whenuserssignatransaction,Aptoswillprovidethemwithtransactionresultsandcompareknownattacksandmalicioussmartcontractsinthepast,therebyreducingtheprobabilityofusersbeingdeceived.Anduserscanalsosetlimitsontransactionssothatwhenmalicioustransactionsviolatetheserules,thetransactionwillbeterminated.SuiGaspriceandTransactionstoragemechanismThehighlightofSui'seconomicmodelisthepricingmechanismofGasandthestoragefund.ThepricingmechanismgivesusersabetterexperiencebecausetheydonotneedtopredictthecostofGas,andthevalidatorscanproposetheiridealpriceofGasforvoting,andeveniftheidealpriceisnotreached,theincentiverewardscanstillbringthemobjectiverevenue,thusreducingunhealthycompetition.andpreventdenialofservice(DoS)attacks.Thebenefitsofthestoragefundarethreefold.First,itsolvestheproblemofstoragecostsforvalidators.Second,aself-regulatingmechanismisdevelopedforSui'son-chainstorage,andvalidatorsconsciouslydeleteuselessdata.Third,itincreasesthedemandfortheuseofSuitokens,thusreducingitsinflation.1)Gaspricingmechanism,wherevalidatorsdetermineareferenceGaspricebyvoting,whichisusedasareferencepricewhenthevalidatorprocessesusertransactions.WhenavalidatorcompletesavalidationrequesttoobtainaGascostaroundthereferencepriceitwillreceivearewardfromSui,exceedingthepriceandnon-responsivevalidatorswillreducetherewardtheyreceive,andconversely,validatorsbelowthereferencepricewillreceiveanadditionalreward.2)Transactionstorage,whichisdesignedtosolvetheproblemoffutureuserspayingforthestorageofearlyadopters.SinceSuicanhandleanyamountofdataonthechainwhensubsequentusersusethesamedatastoredbypastusers,subsequentusersmayhavetopaydisproportionatelyhighstoragefeesforthem,andthisnegativenetworkexternalitywillputalotofpressureonSuiinthelongrun.Thestoragefeesaredepositedinthefundfordistributiontofuturevalidators.Inaddition,a"deletionoption"mechanismisdesignedsothattheverifieronlyneedstodeletethedatastoredinthechaintogetarebateonthestoragefee.2.4.Tokenomics
已有8个项目Discord以及Captcha、Ticket tool等工具均遭到攻击:4月1日消息，据各项目官方消息显示，目前服务器遭到攻击的NFT项目Discord包括BAYC、Doodles、Nyoki、Shamanz、Zooverse、Dreadfuls、Freaky Labs、Kaijukingz。
此外，验证机器人Captcha源代码已泄露，私信工具Ticket tool已遭到攻击。[2022/4/1 14:31:21]
JustonedaybeforeAptosannounceditsofficialtokenomics,thedetailsofwhicharestillwaitingfortheofficialupdate.ItisworthnotingthatthecurrenttokenomicsofSuidoesnothaveaburningmechanism,whichmightharmthetokenvalueretention.However,Sui'sstoragefundmechanismhasreducedtheinflationofSuitokenstoacertainextent.DataSource：1.https://medium.com/mysten-labs/recap-sui-ama-tokenomics-ca00967b937d2.https://aptosfoundation.org/currents/aptos-tokenomics-overview2.5.ProductProgress
Fromtheperspectiveofdevelopmentprogress,AptoswithitsthirdnetworknestsurpassesSuiatthispoint.2.6.PotentialRisks
OnMay20,2022,awell-knownAmericanentrepreneurandinvestorShariGlazersuedMohammedShaikh,founderofAptosLabs,allegingthatShaikhcheatedheroutof50%ownershipofthepartnership.Thecasehasnotyetprogressed,andifitdoes,itwillhaveasignificantimpactonMohammedShaikh,butitdoesnotinvolveAptosatthistimeandthereforewillnothaveanysignificantimpactonit.Incontrast,Suihasnothadanynegativenewsonthelegalfront,soitispotentiallylessriskythanAptos.2.7.Token
APT(Aptostoken)waslistedonOctober19,2022.AccordingtoCoingecko,APTiscurrentlypricedat$7.38witha24-hourtradingvolumeof$1,007,472,882whilethisarticleisbeingedited.TheexchangesAPThadlistedincludeGate.io,Binance,FTX,Coinbase,OKX,Kucoin,Huobi,Bybit,MEXC,etc.Drivenbymarketenthusiasm,thetradingvolumehasbeenataveryhighlevel.Incontrast,Suiisfarbehind,withnoofficialannouncementofanytokensgoingonthelistatthismoment.3.EcosystemDevelopment
3.1.ThenumberofprojectsdeployedonAptosvsSui
AccordingtotheofficialplanreleasedbyAptosonJune29,statisticsshowthattherearecurrentlyover100projectsbeingbuiltinitsecosystem,comparedtoSui'scurrentslowdevelopmentprogress,withthenumberofknownprojectsintheecosystemcurrentlyataround20.Intermsofecosystemlayout,Aptosmainlyfocusesoninfrastructure,andmostoftheDappsintheecosystemcurrentlyareDefi,DEX,anddigitalwallet,whileSuihasnotfoundanobviouslayoutyet.ApointworthnotingisthatthemainstreamapplicationsintheblockchainmarketarecurrentlydevelopedbasedontheSoliditylanguage,whichisnotcompatiblewiththeMovelanguageusedbyAptosandSui.Thismeansthatiftheprojectwantstobuildintheecosystemofboth,developersneedtorecode,whichmayreducetheefficiencyofbuildingapplicationsinbothecosystems.3.2.ProjectDevelopmentProgressonAptosvsSui
BoringDAO（BOR）将参与DODO Raptor Program:据官方消息，BoringDAO（BOR）将参与DODO Raptor Program，并开启BOR交易挖矿，vDODO代币持有者可以通过vDODO挖矿计划赚取BOR代币作为奖励。[2021/5/18 22:15:08]
Atpresent,thereareasmanyas11projectsintheAptosecosysteminthetestnetworkstage,whileSuicurrentlyhasonly5.Inaddition,therearemoreprojectsintheAptosecosystemwithgreenlightbytopVCs,includingPontemNetwork,whichisrepresentedbystarbackerssupportingandateamwithatechnicalbackground.PontemWalletandLiquidswaphavealreadyenteredthetestnetworkstage.
4.BlockchainTrilemma
TheemergenceofAptosandSuihasbroughtsomeinnovationstosolvetheimpossibletriangleproblemofblockchain.ScalabilityBothofthemhavemadesignificanttechnicalinnovationstoimprovescalability,whichisoneoftheirbiggestadvantagesoverotherblockchains.Aptos'Block-STMandAptosBFThavegreatlycontributedtoitstestnetworkTPSof160,000,whileSui'suniqueassetdefinitionandconsensusmechanismhaveenableditstestnetworkTPSof125,000.SecurityTheuniquenatureoftheMovelanguageprovidesbettersecurityforAptosandSui.Inaddition,Aptos'HybridCustodyOptionandTradePre-ExecutionMechanismprovidessecurityforusers'accounts,comparedtoSui,whichhasnotmadeanymajorsecurityfeatureinnovationsexceptfortheMovelanguage.DecentralizationSui'sGaspricingmechanismimprovestherightsofverifierstoacertainextent,butingeneralSuiandAptosdonotofferanyinnovativesolutionstothedecentralizationproblem.5.Summary
Fromtheabove,ThemainadvantageofAptosisthatitsecologicaldevelopmentismuchmoreadvancedthanSui's,butthisisnotenoughtopredictthefuturedevelopmentofboth.ThesimilaritiesbetweenthetwoarethattheybothhaveoriginalDiemdevelopmentteams,bothusetheMovelanguageandhavemadeinnovationsintechnologyandeconomicmechanisms,andbothhavetier-oneinvestorsonboard.Itisdifficulttopredictwhowillperformbetterinpractice,butitiscertainthatthebirthofAptosandSuihasreignitedtheenthusiasmfornewblockchainsinthecommunityandcontributedtotheinnovationoftheblockchain.Noteworthy,ThemaincompetitorofAptosandSuiisSolana,althoughitwasrecentlyaffectedbytheFTXincident,whichcauseditstokenpriceandTVLtodecrease.However,Solanaisstillthebestexampleofatechnicalsingle-chain.TheamountofcustomersitbringstoitsecosystemthroughcooperationwithcapitalandexchangesandthusSolana'stechnicaladvantageshavelongoccupiedthetop5positionsinTVLofblockchain,sobuildingahealthyandhigh-qualityecosystemisalsoanessentialstepforthesuccessfuldevelopmentofblockchain.AptoshaspreviouslyannouncedastrategicpartnershipwithBinance,butBinancealreadyhasaBNBchain,soitisnotsureifAptoscangetmanyusersthroughBinance.Suihasnotannouncedanypartnershipwithexchange,sothereisstillagapbetweenAptosandSuiintermsofecologicaldevelopmentpotentialcomparedtotheircompetitorSolana.Disclaimer
*Thisarticlerepresentsonlytheviewsoftheobserversanddoesnotconstituteanyinvestmentsuggestions.*Gate.ioreservesallrightstothisarticle.RepostingofthearticlewillbepermittedprovidedGate.ioisreferenced.Inallothercases,legalactionwillbetakenduetocopyrightinfringement.Reference
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